Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide non-invasive and non-ionizing methods for the accurate anatomic depiction of the cardiovascular system. Based on the inherent flow sensitivity, MRI could be used to investigate hemodynamics features in patients with anatomical data within a single measurement. In particular, time-resolved and three-dimensional characterization of blood flow using 4D Flow MRI has achieved considerable progress in recent years. The presentation introduces the principle and procedures of 4D Flow MRI. Various fluid dynamic biomarkers for possible clinical usage are also described, including wall shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and relative pressure. Lastly, the presenter will share the experiences of MD-PhD Collaboration on 4D Flow MRI from engineer’s point of view. |