Technical NotePulsatile flow pump based on an iterative controlled piston pump actuator as an in-vitro cardiovascular flow model
Section snippets
Background
Despite their widespread use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, stents, prosthetic aortic valves and ventricular assist devices (VADs) may lead to serious side-effects, frequently associated with abnormal hemodynamics. Stent implantation has been found to affect local hemodynamics, and the altered hemodynamics in turn significantly affect the proliferation of endothelial cells in the vessel [1]. Furthermore, stent insertion increases the in-stent peak systolic velocity and reduces
Pump design
We constructed our pump system using a cylindrical acrylic chamber, a piston, a linear actuator (PC40; Thomson Industries, Inc., Radford, VA, USA), a brushless direct current (BLDC)-based servomotor (AKM44HHNCNR-00; Kollmorgen Corporation, Radford, VA, USA), and a motor driver (AKD-B00306-NAAN; Kollmorgen Corporation), as shown in Figure 1. The working fluid was water with a constant density of 997 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity of 8.899 × 10−4 kg/m s. Cylindrical chambers were constructed with an
Results
When a step signal was input to the piston pump, the ejection of the pump was found to have a delay time of approximately 0.2 s relative to the input signal. We carried out a correlation analysis to verify whether the displacement output signal of the pump matched the actual piston position observed by the camera and found that the two values were highly correlated. The correlations between the motor displacement signals and camera images were as follows: y = 1.02x–1.23 (r2 = 0.99) at 40 mL, y
Discussion
In this study, we developed a pulsatile pump using a servomotor, DAQ and piston; the main results were as follows: (a) the developed system replicated physiological blood flow waveforms and is thus suitable for in-vitro cardiovascular experiments; and (b) the replicated flow waveforms had an accuracy (RMSE) of 0.64 L/min and 0.52 mL for the flow rate and stroke volume, respectively.
In this study, we developed an affordable and programmable pump. The total cost of the system is approximately
Conclusion
The major contributions of this study are as follows: (a) manufacture of a pulsatile pump controlled by a computer and analogue voltage input using a piston, (b) reconstruction of physiological blood flow waveforms in living bodies using a pulsatile pump, and (c) reductions in the final RMSEs of flow rate and stroke volume to 0.64 L/min and 0.52 mL, respectively, using the IF algorithm.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Declarations
JK analysed the data and wrote the draft manuscript. YL fabricated the pump system. SC analysed the data and wrote the draft manuscript. HH suggested ideas and motivations for this study and supervised all details of the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethical approval
Not required.
Data availability
All datasets analysed during the current study are only available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Funding statement
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043249). This study was also supported by a 2018 Research Grant from Kangwon National University (D1001679-01-01).
Acknowledgements
We thank Woo-Jin Choi, 3DMD, South Korea, for kindly advising the design and fabrication of the pump system.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.